And the meaning of non-violent extremism is gradually being reduced to the point where it can only be understood as terrorism. Under current counter-terrorism policy, certain public bodies are endowed with authority to monitor non-violent extremism as if it were terrorism.
Read more: What does extremism mean? The British public aren't sure. All this reflects an underlying assumption that extremism always functions as a pathway into terrorism. This assumption has been used to legitimise counter-terrorism measures against both violent and non-violent extremism.
Tackling extremism can help prevent terrorism, but only if the distinctions between them are properly understood. NEWS Terrorism vs. Extremism: Are They Linked? Terrorism vs. Marco Pinfari examines terrorism and extremism. What is extremism? What is terrorism? The Global Terrorism Database, — The Dog that Doesn't Bark. Types of Minority Discrimination and Terrorism. Beyond al-Qa'ida. Wilkenfeld, Jonathan. Sherrieb, Kathleen. Ackerman, Gary; Bale, Jeffrey.
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LaFree, Gary; Legault, Richard. Is Islamist Terrorism More Dangerous? Citizen Militias. Political Islam: Untangling the Conceptual Muddle. Mediating International Crises. Why Not Kill Them All? Building a Global Terrorism Database. All five fatal attacks in were conducted with firearms. Of the five fatal attacks—each of which resulted in the death of one individual—one was committed by an Antifa activist, one by a far-right extremist, one by an anti-feminist, and two by an adherent of the Boogaloo movement.
District Judge Esther Salas, killing her son and wounding her husband. On May 29, Steven Carrillo shot and killed Pat Underwood, a protective security officer, and wounded his partner in Oakland, California. The relatively low number of fatalities compared to the high number of terrorist incidents suggests that extremists in prioritized sending messages through intimidation and threats rather than killing.
Given that a large portion of attacks were conducted with vehicles or firearms, there was a high potential for lethality—but an apparent lack of will. A growing number of U. First, there are various scenarios for a continuation—and even a rise—of violence after the November elections, which could persist into and beyond.
Rising political polarization, growing economic challenges, the persistence of Covid, and growing concerns about immigration could lead to a rise in domestic terrorism. The actions of far-left and far-right extremists are likely to be interlinked as various sides respond to others during protests, riots, demonstrations, and online activity.
There appears to be an assumption by some extremists that others are prepared to use force, which heightens the possibility of violence. All sides have access to firearms, incendiaries, crude explosives, and other weapons, and are willing to bring them to demonstrations. This situation is a classic security dilemma. Since it may be difficult for individuals to distinguish between offensive and defensive arms, even efforts by one side to protect itself may motivate others to arm, creating a spiral of actions that leads to violence.
The broad scope of domestic terrorism also makes it difficult to predict where future incidents will occur. In the event of a Democratic presidential victory, the threat could involve specific attacks by radicalized white supremacists, militias, and other related individuals. In these incidents, the primary weapons—particularly for fatal attacks—are likely to be firearms and explosives, as highlighted in the militia plots against the governors of Michigan and Virginia.
Based on data from the National Instant Criminal Background Check System NICS , the number of firearm background checks for gun purchases spiked to its highest level ever in —which doubled over the past decade. Based on our data, the targets are likely to be demonstrators, politicians, or individuals based on their race, ethnicity, or religion—such as African Americans, Latinos, Muslims, and Jews.
In the event of a Republican presidential victory, for example, the primary threat may come from large-scale demonstrations in cities, some of which become violent. Anarchists, anti-fascists, and other far-left extremists have utilized digital platforms and other publications to argue that Donald Trump is a neo-fascist and that violence is legitimate.
In this scenario, the primary targets could be government, military, and police facilities and personnel. Digital platforms will likely continue to be a major battlefield. Far-left extremists will likely continue to use social media platforms—such as Reddit, Facebook, and Twitter—to release propaganda and instigate violence against political opponents, law enforcement, military, and the government.
Far-right extremists will likely use a multitude of mainstream platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Telegram, and Reddit , lesser-known platforms such as Gab, Discord, Minds, and Bitchute , forums such as Stormfront and IronForge , and other online communities to instigate violence against African Americans, Jews, immigrants, and others. Second, the domestic landscape could shift from a decentralized milieu of extremists to more organized and hierarchically structured groups.
In the United States, there are a handful of groups—such as The Base, the Atomwaffen Division including rebranded versions such as the National Socialist Order , and the Feuerkrieg Division—with some leadership structure and command-and-control arrangements. There are also loose extremist movements that have a limited structure—especially in local areas or online—but lack a clear hierarchy and ideology.
Examples include the Three Percenters, Oath Keepers, Boogaloos, QAnon, and some local networks of anarchists, anti-fascists, and militias. There have been some indications of greater organization, including the establishment of online hubs, such as MyMilitia, that provide a venue for individuals to find existing militias in the United States—or even to start their own. A shift toward more hierarchical groups could have at least two implications. It could increase the competence and professionalism of these organizations in numerous areas, such as planning attacks, recruiting, training, improving operational security, and fundraising.
In the s and s, extremists in the United States established more centralized groups—such as the Order, Mau Mau, and White Knights—to improve their effectiveness. Fortunately, there is some good news. The number of fatalities from domestic terrorism today is relatively low, and the possibility of a civil war—which some experts have worried about and some extremists have predicted—is negligible.
Examples include a surge in white supremacist terrorism in the s and s such as the Ku Klux Klan , black nationalist violence in the s such as the Black Liberation Army , revolutionary leftist violence in the s and s such as the Weather Underground , and Puerto Rican nationalist violence in the lates and s such as the Armed Forces of National Liberation, or FALN.
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