But he can also be highly critical of Christianity, even at its most liberal. In an almost medieval manner he asserts the rational superiority of Judaism. Judaism is a superior monotheism and has made further progress down the road of demythicization. While shaping his presentation of Judaism to comply with their modernist proclivities-which are also his own-he does not shrink from attacking their conceits or subverting their stereotypes. An additional merit of Cohen's general approach is that he does not neglect the rabbinic literature in favor of a one-sided emphasis on the "progressive" social legislation of the Torah or the "ethical monotheism" of the prophets.
As in his posthumous masterwork, Religion of Reason , which this essay anticipates, Cohen discerns a dynamic rationality that works through Torah in all of its expressions, including the practices of the contemporary Jewish community.
A key to understanding the essay is found in Cohen's concept of "idealization," with which, after a courteous introduction, the lecture begins. Idealization Idealisierung refers to both a process and a practice. Idealization denotes an incipient process of rationalization and demythicization that already inheres within the deepest dynamics of Judaism. It also indicates an agenda for interpretation in the present, a method of discerning and identifying the ideal, rational content of a religious motif.
The rational content of a religious motif must be set off against both the historical background in which it arose-this is the service that Wissenschaft des Judentums contributes to philosophy-and the imaginative or literary form in which it is expressed.
The idea of the "saving remnant" represents the incipient evolution of the Jewish people from a "normal" political nation to a religio-ethical ideal. The prophets would not have been able to prophecy the destruction of the Israelite state had they not been able to translate the political being of the nation into a "saving remnant Project MUSE promotes the creation and dissemination of essential humanities and social science resources through collaboration with libraries, publishers, and scholars worldwide.
Forged from a partnership between a university press and a library, Project MUSE is a trusted part of the academic and scholarly community it serves. Built on the Johns Hopkins University Campus. Sometime around B. A second Temple was built in about B. The destruction of the second Temple was significant because Jewish people no longer had a primary place to gather, so they shifted their focus to worshipping in local synagogues. While the Tanakh which includes the Torah is considered the sacred text of Judaism, many other important manuscripts were composed in later years.
These offered insights into how the Tanakh should be interpreted and documented oral laws that were previously not written down.
Around A. Later, the Talmud, a collection of teachings and commentaries on Jewish law, was created. The Talmud contains the Mishnah and another text known as the Gemara which examines the Mishnah. It includes the interpretations of thousands of rabbis and outlines the importance of commandments of Jewish law. The first version of the Talmud was finalized around the 3rd century A. The second form was completed during the 5th century A. Judaism embraces several other written texts and commentaries.
One example is the 13 Articles of Faith, which was written by a Jewish philosopher named Maimonides. Shabbat is recognized as a day of rest and prayer for Jews. It typically begins at sunset on Friday and lasts until nightfall on Saturday. Observing Shabbat can take many forms, depending on the type of Judaism that a Jewish family may follow. Orthodox and Conservative Jews, for example, may refrain from performing any physical labor, using any electrical device or other prohibited activities.
Most observant Jews celebrate Shabbat by reading or discussing the Torah, attending a synagogue or socializing with other Jews at Shabbat meals. Throughout history, Jewish people have been persecuted for their religious beliefs. Some well-known events include:. The group also kidnapped and crucified Joseph ibn Naghrela, the Jewish vizier to the Berber king.
The First Crusade: In the first of the Crusades —a series of medieval holy wars involving Christians and Muslims—thousands of Jews were killed, and many were forced to convert to Christianity. Experts estimate about , people were ousted and tens of thousands died while trying to reach safety. The Holocaust: In the Holocaust , the most infamous of modern-day atrocities, the Nazis murdered more than 6 million Jews. During and after the Holocaust, many Jews returned to their homeland in the Middle East region known as Palestine and embraced Zionism , a movement for the creation of a Jewish state that emerged in 19th-century Europe.
In , Israel officially became an independent nation. David Ben-Gurion , one of the leading promoters of a Jewish nation state, was given the title of prime minister. This event was considered a success for the Jewish people who had tirelessly petitioned for an independent state in their homeland.
However, tensions between Jews and Arabs living in Palestine escalated in the years since Israel became a state and are still ongoing today. Orthodox Judaism : Orthodox Jews are typically known for their strict observance of traditional Jewish law and rituals.
Orthodox Judaism is a diverse sect that includes several subgroups, including Hasidic Jews. This form started in the 18th century in Eastern Europe and holds different values than traditional or ultra-Orthodox Judaism. Hasidic Jews emphasize a mystical experience with God that involves direct communion through prayer and worship. Chabad is a well-known Orthodox Jewish, Hasidic movement. Reform Judaism : Reform Judaism is considered a liberal category of the religion that values ethical traditions over strict observance of Jewish laws.
Followers promote progressive ideas and adaptation. Typically, conservative Jews honor the traditions of Judaism while allowing for some modernization.
Reconstructionist Judaism : Reconstructionism dates back to when Mordecai Kaplan founded the Society for the Advancement of Judaism. Humanistic Jews celebrate Jewish history and culture without an emphasis on God. Passover : This holiday lasts seven or eight days and celebrates Jewish freedom from slavery in Egypt. Rosh Hashanah : Jews celebrate the birth of the universe and humanity during this holiday, which is also known as the Jewish New Year. The High Holy Days are considered a time of repentance for Jewish people.
Hanukkah commemorates the rededication of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem after the Maccabees defeated the Syrian-Greeks over 2, years ago. Purim : This is a joyous holiday that celebrates a time when the Jewish people in Persia were saved from extermination. Religion: Judaism.
Ancient Jewish Texts. My Jewish Learning. The Jewish Denominations. What is Judaism? Jewish Sacred Texts. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
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